Brake pads convert the kinetic energy of
the vehicle to thermal energy through friction. Two brake pads
are contained in the brake caliper, with their friction surfaces facing
the rotor. When the brakes are hydraulically applied, the
caliper clamps or squeezes the two pads together onto the spinning rotor to
slow and stop the vehicle. When a brake pad heats up due to contact with
the rotor, it transfers small amounts of its friction material onto the
disc, leaving a dull grey coating on it. The brake pad and disc (both now
having the friction material), then "stick" to each other, providing
the friction that stops the vehicle.
In disc brakes, there are usually two brake pads per disc rotor.
These are held in place and actuated by a caliper affixed to the wheel hub
or suspension upright. Racing calipers, however, can utilize up to
six pads, with varying frictional properties in a staggered pattern for optimum
performance. Depending on the properties of the material, the weight of the
vehicle and the speeds it is driven at, disc wear rates may vary. The brake
pads must usually be replaced regularly (depending on pad material) to prevent
brake fade. Most brake pads are equipped with a method of alerting the driver
when this needs to be done. A common technique is manufacturing a small central
groove whose eventual disappearance by wear indicates the end of a pad's
service life. Other methods include placing a thin strip of soft metal in a
groove, such that when exposed (due to wear) the brakes squeal audibly. A soft
metal wear tab can also be embedded in the pad material that closes an electric
circuit when the brake pad wears thin, lighting a dashboard warning light.
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The initial charging is carried out in two stages: first, the initial charging current is charged to the electrolyte to release bubbles, and the cell voltage rises to 2.3 to 2.4V. Then, the current is reduced to 1/2 initial charging current, and the charging is continued to the electrolyte to release a vigorous bubble, which is stable for 3 consecutive hours. The total charging time is about 45~65h.
During the charging process, the temperature of the electrolyte should be measured by halving the current, stopping charging or cooling. The temperature is controlled at 35~40 °C. When the initial charging is completed, if the specific gravity of the electrolyte is not specified, distilled water or electrolysis with a specific gravity of 1.4 is applied. The liquid is adjusted. After adjustment, recharge for 2 hours until the specific gravity meets the requirements.
The new battery often fails to reach capacity after the first charge, and a discharge cycle should be performed. Discharge at a discharge rate of 20hh (ie, discharge with a current of 1/20 of rated capacity until the voltage of the single cell drops to 1.75V), and then replenish the charging current enough. After a charge and discharge cycle, if the capacity is still lower than the rated capacity of 90 At %, a charge and discharge cycle should be performed again.
Connect the positive pole of the battery to the positive pole of the power supply and the negative pole of the battery to the negative pole
October 15, 2021