China's urban sewage treatment plant widespread "heavy water light mud" phenomenon, resulting in a large number of sludge can not be stabilized, harmless and resource-based disposal, sludge disposal and ecological environment in China will face severe challenges. The status of sludge treatment and disposal in China is briefly introduced. The relevant technologies of sludge composting are introduced emphatically, and the development of sludge composting technology is briefly discussed. On April 2, 2015, the State Council formally released the Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, also known as "Water Ten Articles", in which the plan clarified the opinion on promoting sludge disposal and disposal in the sewage treatment facilities and pointed out that the sludge should be stabilized , Detoxification and resource treatment, prohibit the disposal of substandard sludge into the arable land, ground-level and above urban sludge decontamination rate should reach 90% before the end of 2020. In the present context of China's water environment is very harsh, the introduction of the plan of action, will increase water pollution prevention and control efforts to further enhance the level of sludge treatment and disposal. In addition, from the "" second "national urban sewage treatment and recycling facilities construction planning" data analysis, at present, China's sludge disposal rate is low, the task arduous, to achieve sludge reduction, stabilization, recycling is imminent . In recent years, domestic experts and scholars from the sludge composition, product outlet, technical regulations and related policies and other aspects of the sludge treatment and disposal were summarized and analyzed, this study will be mainly from the sludge composting technology, with a view to China's sludge Processing and disposal related research provide some reference. 1 Sludge Treatment Status of China Sludge is a (semi-) solid substance produced after the sewage is treated. It contains a large amount of harmful organic substances such as pathogenic microorganisms and heavy metals in addition to water, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. China's sludge disposal goal is uncertain, insufficient investment, sludge in the sewage treatment plant failed to achieve stabilization, easy to transport and disposal of secondary pollution hazards. At present, China's remaining sludge treatment and disposal project is huge, statistics show that the current sludge disposal methods, landfill accounted for 60% -65%, fermented compost plus agricultural accounted for 10% -15%, the natural sludge dry synthesis Utilization accounts for 4% -6%, sludge incineration accounts for 2% -3%, open-air piling up and outward transport account for 15% -20%, while in the real environment, the vast majority belong to landfill, open-air piling and outbound smuggling Free disposal of mud, the real safe disposal of the ratio does not exceed 20%. 2 sludge treatment and disposal of China's major problems Domestic research on the treatment and disposal of excess sludge started relatively late, and it is still technologically backward. The existing sludge treatment and disposal process mostly adopts foreign technologies, including sludge concentration, sludge stabilization, sludge dewatering, sludge drying and incineration, sanitary landfilling, land use and other sludge disposal methods. Analysis of China's current sludge treatment and disposal methods, it is not difficult to find that the main problems exist is the sludge treatment and disposal technology has not yet fully mature, low efficiency of comprehensive utilization of high efficiency sludge. Even though some of the new sludge treatment technologies currently under development and utilization, such as "mechanical preconcentration - chemical conditioning - membrane pressure filtration", the final sludge disposal methods such as "mud-water integration" are still used as landfill Or building materials. However, the treatment of sludge in the landfill manner usually can not meet the requirement of decontamination. Since most of the landfill sites are open-air, in the case of surface water flow, non-decontaminated and stabilized pollutants Mud can easily become untreated forms, resulting in greater environmental pollution risks. In addition, the common sludge drying technology, incineration technology exist stinky hard control, large area and other issues. 3 sludge composting technology According to the demand of microorganisms for oxygen, sludge composting treatment is usually divided into aerobic compost fermentation and anaerobic compost fermentation. The aerobic composting and fermentation can be divided into three types: bar-type fermentation, tank fermentation, reactor fermentation. Strip-type process using only mechanical flip throwing, poor oxygenation, fermentation time, poor quality of finished products. Reactor fermentation capacity is small, the practical application is limited, rare case of engineering applications. In recent years, there are many researches on sludge aerobic composting technology by domestic researchers, and they have good effect in practical engineering applications. For example, the research and development of sunlight shed open-loop sludge composting aerobic fermentation process by Guihou Ying and Wanruo (Beijing ) Environmental Engineering Co., Ltd. used ENS sludge composting process. This study summarizes the researches on sludge composting technology in recent years. 3.1 conditioner in the sludge compost application Sludge composting is essentially organic matter in the sludge in the role of microorganisms, through a series of biochemical reactions to achieve the conversion and stabilization of organic matter. Under the conditions of natural environment, the composting period is long and the effect is poor, which easily leads to a large amount of nitrogen loss, etc. The addition of the conditioning agent can well improve the deficiencies of the traditional compost method. Zhang Jing and other carried out the use of straw, sawdust and bran as a conditioning agent for indoor city sludge compost simulation test results showed that white rot fungi can increase the reactor temperature, fungal count, cellulase and hemicellulase activity Level, reduce nitrogen loss, promote the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen, improve the piles effectively N, P, K content. The study found that the amount of conditioning agent on the sludge composting process temperature and oxygen changes will have an impact, Ma Chuang et al studied the effect of different dosage of sawdust conditioner on sludge temperature and oxygen composting process changes, the results show that sludge and The mass ratio of sawdust to 3.5: 1 or 4: 1 can further increase the heating rate of the pile body, shorten the time required to reach the temperature required for the high-temperature aerobic fermentation, and prolong the days for the pile body to maintain the high temperature. In addition, the impact of particle size on the sludge composting also can not be ignored. Wu Chuan-dong and other studies found that the new recyclable LWK conditioner average particle size of 30.8mm, the conditioner can significantly reduce the nitrogen loss of sludge piles. During the composting process, ammonia volatilization is the main way of nitrogen loss during high-temperature aerobic composting. The study found that zeolite as a conditioning agent can significantly reduce the accumulation rate of ammonia volatilization. 3.2 Sludge sludge in the process of odor control Stench gas released during sludge compost has become a major factor restricting the innocuous production of composting. Malodorous gases come from the volatile organic compounds, including sulfur compounds, nitrogenous compounds and volatile fatty acids, which are produced during composting. The components are complex and it is difficult to eliminate these gases. The study found that the composition and physicochemical properties of sludge affected the odor generation and emission during composting, such as carbon and nitrogen ratio, pH value, water content, particle size, organic matter content and microbial content. Researchers conducted a study on the characteristics of ammonia emissions during sludge composting. Zhong Jia et al. (2006) investigated the characteristics of ammonia emission during the process of composting stack-piled sludge under different conditions through in-situ observations. The results showed that the ammonia emission factor under forced ventilation and mechanical pile-stacking process (ATP) Lower than the mechanical palletizing process, and that ATP is an environmentally friendly sludge composting process. Zhao et al. Studied the ammonia emission characteristics of a continuous-flow forced-ventilation trough sludge composting process and found that a lower C / N ratio increased ammonia emissions slightly but helped to reduce total nitrogen losses (experimental group 16.1 %, And 21.8% in the control group), and the cumulative emission of ammonia gas (66.86 g / m2 in the experimental group and 72.04 g / m2 in the control group) can be reduced by adopting the ventilation method of "initial decrease and final increase".
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October 22, 2021