The Die Castings that are created in this process can vary greatly in size and weight, ranging from a couple ounces to 100 pounds. One common application of die cast parts are housings - thin-walled enclosures, often requiring many ribs and bosses on the interior. Metal housings for a variety of appliances and equipment are often die cast. Several automobile components are also manufactured using Die Casting, including pistons, cylinder heads, and engine blocks. Other common die cast parts include propellers, gears, bushings, pumps, and Valves.
The selection of a material for die casting is based upon several factors including the density, melting point, strength, corrosion resistance, and cost. The material may also affect the part design. For example, the use of zinc, which is a highly ductile metal, can allow for thinner walls and a better surface finish than many other alloys. The material not only determines the properties of the final casting, but also impacts the machine and tooling. Materials with low melting temperatures, such as zinc alloys, can be die cast in a hot chamber machine. However, materials with a higher melting temperature, such as aluminum and copper alloys, require the use of cold chamber machine. The melting temperature also affects the tooling, as a higher temperature will have a greater adverse effect on the life of the dies.
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Die casting is a manufacturing process that can produce geometrically complex metal parts through the use of reusable molds, called dies. The die casting process involves the use of a furnace, metal, die casting machine, and die. The metal, typically a non-ferrous alloy such as aluminum or zinc, is melted in the furnace and then injected into the dies in the die casting machine. There are two main types of die casting machines - hot chamber machines (used for alloys with low melting temperatures, such as zinc) and cold chamber machines (used for alloys with high melting temperatures, such as aluminum). The differences between these machines will be detailed in the sections on equipment and tooling. However, in both machines, after the molten metal is injected into the dies, it rapidly cools and solidifies into the final part, called the casting. The steps in this process are described in greater detail in the next section.
Die cast parts can vary greatly in size and therefore require these measures to cover a very large range. As a result, die casting machines are designed to each accommodate a small range of this larger spectrum of values. Sample specifications for several different hot chamber and cold chamber die casting machines are given below.
Type
Clamp force (ton)
Max. shot volume (oz.)
Clamp stroke (in.)
Min. mold thickness (in.)
Platen size (in.)
Hot chamber
100
74
11.8
5.9
25 x 24
Hot chamber
200
116
15.8
9.8
29 x 29
Hot chamber
400
254
21.7
11.8
38 x 38
Cold chamber
100
35
11.8
5.9
23 x 23
Cold chamber
400
166
21.7
11.8
38 x 38
Cold chamber
800
395
30
15.8
55 x 55
Cold chamber
1600
1058
39.4
19.7
74 x 79
Cold chamber
2000
1517
51.2
25.6
83 x 83
Materials
Properties
Aluminum alloys
·Low density
·Good corrosion resistance
·High thermal and electrical conductivity
·High dimensional stability
·Relatively easy to cast
·Requires use of a cold chamber machine
Copper alloys
·High strength and toughness
·High corrosion and wear resistance
·High dimensional stability
·Highest cost
·Low die life due to high melting temperature
·Requires use of a cold chamber machine
Zinc alloys
·High density
·High ductility
·Good impact strength
·Excellent surface smoothness allowing for painting or plating
·Requires such coating due to susceptibility to corrosion
·Easiest to cast
·Can form very thin walls
·Long die life due to low melting point
·Use of a hot chamber machine
Advantages:
·Can produce large parts
·Can form complex shapes
·High strength parts
·Very good surface finish and accuracy
·High production rate
·Low labor cost
·Scrap can be recycled
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October 30, 2019